Ovarian cysts are a common gynecological problem that can occur in women of all ages. Most are benign and resolve on their own without requiring treatment. However, there are cases where surgical removal is necessary to prevent complications or investigate suspicious lesions.

WHAT ARE OVARIAN CYSTS?;

Ovarian cysts are sacs filled with fluid or other substances that form on the ovaries. They can appear during menstruation or as a result of hormonal disorders. The most common forms are:

• Functional cysts: They form during the menstrual cycle and usually go away on their own.
• Dermoid cysts: They contain various types of tissue, such as hair or fat, and may need removal.
• Cystadenomas: Cysts filled with fluid or mucus, which can grow quite large in size.
• Endometrial cysts (chocolate cysts): They are associated with endometriosis and can cause chronic pelvic pain.

WHEN IS SURGICAL REMOVAL REQUIRED?;

Surgical treatment of ovarian cysts is not always necessary. However, the following cases may make surgery necessary:

• Large size: When the cyst exceeds 5-6 centimeters, there is a risk of rupture or torsion of the ovary.
• Persistent symptoms: If it causes chronic pain, abdominal pressure, bloating, or menstrual problems.
• Suspicion of malignancy: If there are suspicious features on ultrasound or elevated levels of cancer markers in the blood (CA-125).
• Ovarian torsion: In case the cyst causes torsion of the ovary, which interrupts its blood supply and requires immediate surgical intervention.
• Bladder rupture: If the cyst ruptures, it can cause internal bleeding and severe pain.

SURGICAL OPTIONS

Surgical treatment of ovarian cysts can be performed using two basic methods:

• Laparoscopic Cystectomy: A minimally invasive technique where the cyst is removed through small incisions. It is preferred for benign cysts and allows for faster recovery.
• Open Surgery (Laparotomy): Used in cases of large cysts or suspected malignancy, where more extensive access is required.

FINAL THOUGHTS

Ovarian cysts are usually benign, but in some cases they require surgical removal. Regular monitoring with ultrasound and evaluation by a specialized gynecologist are essential to make the right decision.